Japanese

Japanese syllabary chart

Japanese noun

noun features

• Japanese nouns themselves do not change gender, number or case.
• Regardless of singular or plural, it is often explained by context or quantifiers.
• Can be used with particles to express grammatical functions (such as 「は」「が」「を」).

Noun type

common noun (concrete or abstract thing)

• Examples: cat (ねこ / cat), mountain (やま / mountain), time (じかん / time)

Pronoun (referring to a person or thing)

• Personal pronouns:
  privy (わたし / me), あなた (you), that (かれ / him), that girl (かのじょ / her)
• Demonstrative pronoun:
  これ(this one), それ(that one), あれ(that one over there)

Quantifiers and quantifiers

• A unit that represents quantity, order, or counting
• Example: one person (ひとり / one person), three books (さんぼん / three pieces), five pieces (ごまい / five pieces)

proper noun (proper noun)

• Example: Tokyo (とうきょう), Yamada (やまださん), Japan (にほん)

Formal nouns (nouns with mainly grammatical function)

• Often combined with other sentence patterns and does not express specific things alone
• Example: こと (thing), もの (thing), ところ (place)

Common basic nouns

• 人（ひと）：人
• 本（ほん）：book
• Car (くるま): car
• Water (みず): water
• Youda (ともだち): friend
• School（がっこう）：school
• Mr.（せんせい）：Teacher
• Time (じかん): time
• Yan Piao (ことば): language, words
• 天気（てんき）：weather

Japanese timetable

How to use "こと" in Japanese

1. Nominal verb

• Change the original form of the verb + "こと" into a noun, similar to "~this thing" or "~behavior" in Chinese
• Example: Japanese を reluctantly することは楽しいです. (Learning Japanese is a joy)
• Example: go ることが好きです. (likes to run)

2. Experience performance (～たことがある)

• To express a certain experience in the past
• Structure: verb た + ことがある
• Example: Japanese へ行ったことがあります. (Been to Japan)

3. Rules and obligations (～こと)

• Expressing rules and things that should be done, often used in instructions, orders, and articles
• Structure: verb base form + こと
• Example: The classroom is quiet and quiet. (Be quiet in the classroom)

4. Discovery, confirmation, recognition (～ということ)

• Used to express a certain fact or content
• Structure: sentence + ということ
• Example: He does not know how to do it. (Learning about his absence)

5. Emotion-related usage (～ことに)

• Expressing emotion or evaluation, translated as "it's amazing"
• Structure: い adjective / な adjective + ことに
• Examples: Playful and fun, Passed the exam and passed the test. (Happily, I passed the exam)

6. Habits and normalcy（～ことがある／～こともある）

• express something that happens occasionally or sometimes
• Example: たまに影视を见ることがあります. (occasionally watch movies)

7. Surprise・exclamation（ことか）

• Expressing exclamation or surprise, used in written language, often paired with adverbs such as "なんと" and "どんなに"
• Example: なんと美しいことか! (How beautiful!)

Japanese verbs

Verb classification

• Class I verbs (five-part verbs): Word endings are "う, く, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, る, ぐ" etc.
  Example: 书く(write), hwaす(talk), waitつ(etc.)
• Type II verbs (previous paragraph and next paragraph verbs): Most of them end with "～る", preceded by "いdan" or "えdan" sound
  Example: 食べる (eat), 见る (see)
• Three types of verbs (irregular verbs): only two
  Example: する (do), 来る (come)

Verb morphological changes (common conjugations)

• Basic form (dictionary form): verb base form
  Example: 行く, 食べる, する
• ますshaped: Usage of honorifics
  Example: 行きます, 食べます, します
• na shape: negative form
  Example: 行かない, 食べない, しない
• shape: past tense/perfect tense
  Example: 行った, 食べた, した
• て-shaped: Continuation of usage, commands, requests, etc.
  Example: 行って, 食べて, して
• Intentional shape: Express intention or invitation
  Example: 行こう, 食べよう, しよう
• possible form: Indicates ability or possibility
  Example: 行ける, 食べられる, できる
• conditional form: Indicates assumptions and conditions
  Example: 行けば, 食べれば, すれば

Common basic verb examples

• 行く（いく）:go
• Come on (くる):Come
• 见る（みる）:look
• 食べる（たべる）:eat
• Drink (のむ):drink
• する:Do
• 语す（はなす）:explain
• 読む（よむ）:read
• 书く（かく）:Write
• smell く（きく）: listen, ask

Japanese adjectives

adjective classification

• adjective: ends with "い" and can be directly changed
  Example: 高い（たかい/高的）,楽しい（たのしい/happy）
• no adjective: If the word does not end with 「い」, it is necessary to add 「な」 to modify the noun
  Example: Jingか（しずか/quiet）, Yuan気（げんき/spirited）

いAdjective changes

Changes of na adjective (take "quiet" as an example)

common adjective

• 新しい（あたらしい）: new
• 古い（ふるい）：old
• 大きい（おおきい）：big
• 小さい（ちいさい）：small
• Hanい（さむい）：cold
• 热い（あつい）: hot
• Busy (いそがしい): Busy

common adjectives

• Famous (ゆうめい): famous
• Kind (しんせつ): kind
• Convenience (べんり): Convenient
• Get started (じょうず): good at
• dislike (きらい): annoying
• Good (すき): I like it

Japanese particles

nominative particle

• が: Indicates the subject, emphasizes the subject or mentions it for the first time
  Example: He is a student.

prompt particle

• は: Indicates the theme, emphasizes comparison or known information
  Example: Private Japanese です.

accusative particle

• を: The object that expresses the action (object)
  Example: 本を読みます.

Direction and place particles

• に: Indicates destination, time, location, etc.
  Example: The school is going well.
• へ: Indicates direction (more abstract, with a sense of movement)
  Example: Japanese へ行きます.
• で: Indicates the place or means where an action takes place
  Example: 図书馆でgrudgingします.

Belonging and starting point particle

• の: Indicates belonging or modification
  Example: Tanaka Yoshimoto.
• から: Indicates the starting point (time or place)
  Example: It starts at 9 o'clock.
• まで: Indicates the end point
  Example: Homeまで歩きます.

Parallel and add particles

• と: Indicates parallelism or reference
  Example: AUO Toshiko.
  Example: He means "行きます" and means words.
• や: List (not exhaustive list)
  Example: りんごやバナがあります.
• も: means also, same, even...also...
  Example: Private business.

Compare and contrast particles

• より: Indicates the basis for comparison
  Example: He's private and his back is high.

Other common particles

• ね: Confirm, agree (final particle)
  Example: いい天気ですね.
• よ: Emphasis or reminder (final particle)
  Example: これは大事ですよ.
• か: express doubt
  Example: OK?

How to use 「を」

1. Express the direct object of the action (object)

• The most common usage, the object acted upon by the action of the verb
• Structure: noun + を + verb
• Example: 本を読みます. (read)
  The movie is the same as the movie. (See a movie)

2. To express passing places

• Indicates the place where the action passes
• Example: Parkを歩きます. (walking through the park)
  Road を crossing ります. (crossing the road)

3. Indicates the starting point of departure

• means leaving from somewhere
• Example: Home comes out. (leave home)
  The house is out and the station is going. (Leave the room and go to the station)

4. Object representing causative action

• In causative sentences, "を" can indicate the person being called.
• Example: 子どもを游ばせる. (Let the children play)
  Subordinate を働かせる. (Let your subordinates work)

5. Express the object of hope or request (some special usages)

• When used with verbs that express wishes such as "ください", "愿う", and "Please", "を" can express the object of the request.
• Example: Cooperate with each other. (please help me)
  Participate in をHope します. (Hope to participate)

Things to note

• "を" is written as hiragana "を", but is pronounced as "お"
• It can only be used for action verbs and cannot be used with static expressions such as "です", "ある" and "いる"

A summary of the usage of "～う" in Japanese

1. A type of verb (five-part verb) whose basic form ends in "う"

• "～う" is one of the endings of the original form of Japanese verbs and is a type of five-part verb.
• Examples: buy う (かう / buy), words う (いう / speak), song う (うたう / sing)

2. Verb conjugation: intentional form (～う)

• Indicates the speaker's intention, proposal, and invitation, equivalent to "~" and "I want~"
• How to form: Change the "うdan" of the five-part verb to "おdan" + "う"
  (For example: 书く → 书こう, 行く → 行こう)
• Examples: 食べよう(Let’s eat), 帰ろう(Let’s go home), Hajimeめよう(Let’s start)

3. Persuasive sentence pattern: 「～う／よう」＋か

• It means "Do you want~?"
• Example: Ichisu に行こうか? (Let’s go together?)
  Reluctantly? (Do you want to come and study?)

4. Common examples of verbs ending in "～う"

Things to note

• Not all verbs ending in "う" are five-part verbs. For example, "する" and "来る" are irregular verbs.
• The intentional form is used in spoken language. For a more formal expression, "～たいです" or "～ましょう" can be used.

A compilation of the usage of "～た" in Japanese

1. Indicates the past or completion (た-shaped)

• "～た" is the past tense of the verb, indicating that something has happened or been completed.
• Examples: 食べた(eat), 行った(go), 见た(see)

2. Conjugation rules of the verb "た-form"

3. Continuation usage (～ていた／～たら, etc.)

• ～ていた: Indicates the continuous past (past continuous, past habit)
  Example: 働いていた (used to work)
• ～たら: Indicates conditions (if ~ after)
  Examples: Ending わったら, 帰りましょう. (Go home after this)

4. Past experience (～たことがある)

• express something that has been done
• Example: Mount Fuji climbs the mountain. (Once climbed Mount Fuji)

5. Exclamatory sentence (～た!)

• express surprise or emotional feeling
• Example: やった! (Great! It worked!)
  It’s the end! (it's over!)

Things to note

• "た-shaped" is not only used in the past tense, but can also be used in conditions, experiences, commands, continuation sentence patterns, etc.
• The honorific form is "～ました"

How to use 「～てき」

1. Become the suffix of an adjective verb

• "～てき（的）" is attached to the end of the noun, giving it the nature of an adjective
• Equivalent to "～的" in Chinese, "-ic / -al / -ive" in English, etc.
• Add 「な」 to modify a noun (become a na adjective)
• Example: culture → cultural (ぶんかてき)
  History of history → History of history (れきしてき)

2. Used after a noun to form an adjective (can modify a noun or describe a state)

• The root of culture(a cultural book)
• Emotional Nana(getting emotional)

3. Common "～てき" words

Things to note

• Not all nouns can be added with "～てき", it depends on the sense of language and degree of common use.
• Some words already have their original adjective form, so using 「～てき」 is unnatural.

How to use 「ある」

1. To express the presence of inanimate objects

• Used to express inanimate existences such as "things", "events", and "plants"
• Structure: place + に + object + が + ある
• Example: Mechanical no upper に本があります. (There are books on the table)
  Park に木があります. (There are trees in the park)

2. To express possession

• It means "to have something", similar to the Chinese "to have"
• Example: お金がある. (rich)
  Time がある. (have time)

3. To express holding or occurrence (activities, events)

• Used to express "there is a certain activity or event"
• Example: Meeting がある. (there is a meeting)
  Try 験がある. (There is an exam)

4. Negative form

• ない：No, does not exist
• Example: predetermined がない. (no plan)
  Caibu Naina! (Wallet is missing!)

5. Common sentence patterns

• ～がある: There is ~ (thing/thing)
  Example: Xingwei がある. (interested in)
• ～ことがある: Once ~ (experience)
  Example: Japanese へ行ったことがある.

Things to note

• "ある" is used for inanimate objects (such as items, plants, events)
• If there is a living thing (human or animal), use 「いる」
  Example: Cat がいる. (with cat)

Japanese connectives

in succession

• Minato: And then and more
• それから: after, then
• Nana: Moreover, plus
• Hikaru: And, even

Reverse connection

• でも：But, but
• しかし： However, but
• Yuki: Although, but
• ところが: However, but (unexpected)

cause and effect

• Kaoru: So
• そのため: Therefore
• なぜなら: because (used to explain reasons)
• というのは: That’s because

Parallel and supplement

• また：And, besides
• および：And
• ならびに: and, and (formal)

contrast

• One side (で): the other side
• それに対して: relatively, opposite to this

Turning point/topic change

• Yuki: Then, what happens next?
• では: Then (used to start a new topic)
• ところで: By the way, by the way (used for topic switching)

Japanese sentence patterns

Basic sentence patterns

• Noun sentence: A は B です。
  Example: これは本です. (This is a book)
• Adjective sentence:A は い adjective / な adjective です.
  Example: He is the best. (He is very gentle)
  Example: あの店は静かです. (That store is very quiet)
• Verb sentence:Subject は Target language を Verb.
  Example: Private drinking water. (I drink water)

existential sentence

• あります(inanimate) / います(living)
  ～に ～が あります／います。
  Example: Mechanical no upper に本があります. (There are books on the table)
  Example: I am a student in the classroom. (There are students in the classroom)

negative sentence

• Noun・Adjective:～ではありません
  Example: Mr. ではありません.
• Verb: verb na-form + ません
  Example: 行きません, 食べません

past sentence

• Noun・Adjective:～でした
  Example: I had a rest yesterday.
• Verb: verb た + ました
  Example: food is good, travel is good

interrogative sentence

• Add "か" at the end of the sentence to make it a question
  Example: これは何ですか? (What's this?)

reason/reason sentence

• ~から: Because...
  Examples: Rain is falling, rain is falling, rain is falling, and rain is falling.
• ～ので: Because... (more euphemistic)
  Examples: Busy しいので, OK けません.

Juxtaposition and selection

• A and B (and)
  Example: パンとミルクを食べました.
• A や B (～like)
  Example: りんごやバナがあります.

Ability performance

• Possible form of verb + ます
  Example: 日本语せます.

Like expression

• ～が好きです / 不了いです
  Example: private sound 楽が好きです.

wish expression

• Verb たい + です
  Example: Japanese へ行きたいです.

ongoing

• Verb て + います
  Example: reluctantly. (Studying)

How to use "～にとって" in Japanese

1. Basic meaning

• "～にとって" means "for～" and is used to express the evaluation, value or significance of something to someone or from a certain standpoint.
• In Chinese, it is often translated as "for ~" or "for ~".

2. Connection method

• noun＋にとって
• Cannot be followed by verbs or adjectives.
• Examples: private にとって, Japanese は大刀です.
  (For me, Japanese is very important.)

3. Common usage

4. Comparison with similar expressions

• ～について:About ~ (theme, topic)
• ~に対して:Yes~(behavior object)
• ～にとって: Regarding ~ (position or point of view)

5. Precautions

• "～にとって" followed by moreadjectiveorNoun judgment, rarely used with action verbs.
• example:
  ✕ privy and private.
  ○ I am a private person, I am a private person.
  (For me, it was a joy to see him.)

Comparison table of differences between "にとって", "について" and "に対して"

1. Basic meaning

• にとって: For ~ (subjective standpoint, evaluation)
• について:About ~ (theme, topic)
• に対して: Right ~ (the object or attitude of the behavior)

2. Usage comparison table

3. Usage context

• にとって: Commonly used invalue judgment(Important, unimportant, helpful, difficult...).
• について: Commonly used indiscussion topics(talk about, study, explain...).
• に対して: Commonly used inobject of actionorContrast relationship。

4. More examples for comparison

Basic Japanese compilation

-------- fifty tones
あいうえお
かきくけこ
さしすせそ
たちつてと
なにぬねの

はひふへほ
まみむめも
やゆよ
らりるれろ
わを
ん

ゐゑ

がぎぐげご
ざじずぜぞ
だぢづでど
ばびぶべぼ
ぽぴぷぺぽ

アイウエオ
カキクケコ
サシスセソ
タチツテト
ナニヌネノ

ハヒフヘホ
Malima
ヤユヨ
ラリルレロ
ワヲ
ン

ヰヱ

ガギグゲゴ
ザジズゼゾ
ダヂヅデド
バビブベボ
パピプペポ


-------- particle
で:<工具> + で + <動作>: バスで行く ペンで书く<場所> + で + <動作>: exist;<動作>exist<場所>. ex: 図书馆でgrudgingします
に:
	Time:<時間> + に + Place:
		Yes: Indicates existence (place + に)
			There is a cat at home: 家に猫がいます
		Enter, sit, sit: indicates entry and return point (destination/goal + に)
			Ride: 车にrideります
			ref: で
	One-way action:<對象-受> + に + <動作>, ref: を ex:
											Yesterday, sir, I met Mr.		I went to see the teacher yesterday.
											The younger generation is a good person.		Lend money to junior students.
											Cat に bait を あ げ ま す.				Give the cat food.
											AUO's photo album.		I showed the photos to my friends.
へ:
	Traveling
です: non-verb ending
	Verb + の + です
	は|が +てす: general descriptionます: verb ending<有的東西>があります: It is used to express the existence of something.<有的生命>が います: It is used to express the existence of living things.で(て) います: Doing it本を読んでいます: reading a book
		ごはんを食べています: Eating
	は +て います: general descriptionまた(before): again +<句子>ました: I did it<動詞結尾>お:
	The prefix means politeness (dingning) respect (respect)
		おいくら
	prefix - idiomatic
		お水 お茶 お名前
を:<對象-受> + を + <動作>: 本を読み<場所> + を + <動作>Pass, start from: parkをwalk; homeを出る
は:<主題>+ は + : がcan only answer<主語>After that, it can be accepted<主語>or<主題>back<主語> + は + 
が:
	<主語>+ が + : が can only answer<主語>After that, it can be accepted<主語>or<主題>after
		Subject: It means "main person or thing" when it means the "subject" of "action", "event", "attribute" and "existence"<人> + は + <名詞> + が +  + です
		 : 好き; desiring しい : like; want: get started;わかり : be better than; understand<名詞>(a certain technology): あり : own
		 	  Father's father: My dad has a sports car
ください<@結尾>: ask+ て + ください please do
	+ を + ください Please give it to me
		 + を + <數量>+ ください please give it to me<數量>あまり too much
	あまり～ない Not quite, not very
Yuu: It seems
する: する+N = V
やる:

-------- Sentence pattern
There are n
	が nつあります
Don't do itOK + なくてもいいです
	+ なくても大男です
おかげ: reason
Can't ことができません
	do it
	things こと

-------- verb
== give and receive verb
くれる Someone gives me something
あげる I give things to others, or others give things to each other
もらう Get something from others
	もらった

-------- adjective
おかしい Ridiculous, strange

T:0000

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